—
In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War, which was the decades long conflict between the USA and the USSR. The Cold War was called cold because of the lack of actual fighting, but this is inaccurate. There was plenty of fighting, from Korea to Viet Nam to Afghanistan, but we’ll get into that stuff next week. This week we’ll talk about how the Cold War started. In short it grew out of World War II. Basically, the Soviets occupied eastern Europe, and the US supported western Europe. This setup would spill across the world, with client states on both sides. It’s all in the video. You should just watch it.
—
—
Transcript Provided by YouTube:
00:00
Hi I’m John Green; this is Crash Course U.S. history and today we’re gonna talk
00:04
about the Cold War. The Cold War is called “Cold” because
00:07
it supposedly never heated up into actual armed conflict, which means, you know, that
00:11
it wasn’t a war. Mr. Green, Mr. Green, but if the War on Christmas
00:14
is a war and the War on Drugs is a war… You’re not going to hear me say this often
00:17
in your life, Me from the Past, but that was a good point. At least the Cold War was not
00:21
an attempt to make war on a noun, which almost never works, because nouns are so resilient.
00:27
And to be fair, the Cold War did involve quite a lot of actual war, from Korea to Afghanistan,
00:32
as the world’s two superpowers, the United States and the U.S.S.R., sought ideological
00:36
and strategic influence throughout the world. So perhaps it’s best to think of the Cold
00:40
War as an era, lasting roughly from 1945 to 1990.
00:44
Discussions of the Cold War tend to center on international and political history and
00:48
those are very important, which is why we’ve talked about them in the past. This, however,
00:51
is United States history, so let us heroically gaze–as Americans so often do–at our own
00:57
navel. (Libertage.)
00:59
Stan, why did you turn the globe to the Green Parts of Not-America? I mean, I guess to be
01:06
fair, we were a little bit obsessed with this guy.
01:08
So, the Cold War gave us great spy novels, independence movements, an arms race, cool
01:12
movies like Dr. Strangelove and War Games, one of the most evil mustaches in history.
01:18
But it also gave us a growing awareness that the greatest existential threat to human beings
01:22
is ourselves. It changed the way we imagine the world and humanity’s role in it.
01:27
In his Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, William Faulkner famously said, “Our tragedy today
01:31
is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear
01:36
it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There is only the question: When will I be
01:42
blown up?” So, today we’re gonna look at how that came
01:44
to be the dominant question of human existence, and whether we can ever get past it.
01:53
intro So after WWII the U.S. and the USSR were the
02:00
only two nations with any power left. The United States was a lot stronger – we had
02:04
atomic weapons, for starters, and also the Soviets had lost 20 million people in the
02:08
war and they were led by a sociopathic mustachioed Joseph Stalin.
02:12
But the U.S. still had worries: we needed a strong, free-market-oriented Europe (and
02:16
to a lesser extent Asia) so that all the goods we were making could find happy homes.
02:21
The Soviets, meanwhile, were concerned with something more immediate, a powerful Germany
02:24
invading them. Again. Germany–and please do not take this personally, Germans–was
02:29
very, very slow to learn the central lesson of world history: Do not invade Russia. Unless
02:36
you’re the Mongols. (Mongoltage.)
02:38
So at the end of World War II, the USSR “encouraged” the creation of pro-communist governments
02:43
in Bulgaria, Romania, and Poland–which was a relatively easy thing to encourage, because
02:48
those nations were occupied by Soviet troops. The idea for the Soviets was to create a communist
02:52
buffer between them and Germany, but to the U.S. it looked like communism might just keep
02:57
expanding, and that would be really bad for us, because who would buy all of our sweet,
03:01
sweet industrial goods? So America responded with the policy of containment,
03:05
as introduced in diplomat George F. Kennan’s famous Long Telegram. Communism could stay
03:09
where it was, but it would not be allowed to spread.
03:12
And ultimately this is why we fought very real wars in both Korea and Vietnam.
03:16
As a government report from 1950 put it the goals of containment were:
03:20
1. Block further expansion of Soviet power 2. Expose the falsities of soviet pretensions
03:25
3. Induce a retraction of the Kremlin’s control and influence, and
03:30
4. In general, foster the seeds of destruction within the Soviet system.
03:34
Harry Truman, who as you’ll recall, became President in 1945 after Franklin Delano Prez
03:39
4 Life Roosevelt died, was a big fan of containment, and the first real test of it came in Greece
03:44
and Turkey in 1947. This was a very strategically valuable region
03:48
because it was near the Middle East, and I don’t know if you’ve noticed this, but
03:51
the United States has been just, like, a smidge interested in the Middle East the last several
03:55
decades because of oil glorious oil. Right, so Truman announced the so-called Truman
04:00
Doctrine, because you know why not name a doctrine after yourself, in which he pledged
04:03
to support “freedom-loving peoples” against communist threats, which is all fine and good.
04:09
But who will protect us against “peoples,” the pluralization of an already plural noun?
04:14
Anyway, we eventually sent $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey, and we were off
04:18
to the Cold War races. The Truman Doctrine created the language through
04:21
which Americans would view the world with America as free and communists as tyrannical.
04:26
According to our old friend Eric Foner, “The speech set a precedent for American assistance
04:31
to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation
04:36
of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union.”[1]
04:40
It also led to the creation of a new security apparatus – the National Security Council,
04:44
the Central Intelligence Agency, the Atomic Energy Commission, all of which were somewhat
04:49
immune from government oversight and definitely not democratically elected.
04:53
And the containment policy and the Truman Doctrine also laid the foundations for a military
04:57
build-up – an arms race – which would become a key feature of the Cold War.
05:01
But it wasn’t all about the military, at least at first. Like, the Marshall Plan was
05:04
first introduced at Harvard’s Commencement address in June 1947 by, get this, George
05:09
Marshall, in what turned out to be, like, the second most important commencement address
05:13
in all of American history. Yes, yes, Stan, okay. It was a great speech, thank you for
05:18
noticing. Alright, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
05:19
The Marshall Plan was a response to economic chaos in Europe brought on by a particularly
05:23
harsh winter that strengthened support for communism in France and Italy.
05:27
The plan sought to use US Aid to combat the economic instability that provided fertile
05:32
fields for communism. As Marshall said “ our policy is not directed against any country
05:37
or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.” [2] Basically it
05:42
was a New Deal for Europe, and it worked; Western Europe was rebuilt so that by 1950
05:47
production levels in industry had eclipsed pre-war levels and Europe was on its way to
05:51
becoming a U.S. style-capitalist-mass-consumer society. Which it still is, kind of.
05:57
Japan, although not technically part of the Marshall Plan, was also rebuilt. General Douglas
06:01
MacArthur was basically the dictator there, forcing Japan to adopt a new constitution,
06:05
giving women the vote, and pledging that Japan would foreswear war, in exchange for which
06:10
the United States effectively became Japan’s defense force. This allowed Japan to spend
06:14
its money on other things, like industry, which worked out really well for them.
06:18
Meanwhile Germany was experiencing the first Berlin crisis. At the end of the war, Germany
06:22
was divided into East and West, and even though the capital, Berlin, was entirely in the east,
06:27
it was also divided into east and west. This meant that West Berlin was dependent on shipments
06:31
of goods from West Germany through East Germany. And then, in 1948, Stalin cut off the roads
06:38
to West Berlin. So, the Americans responded with an 11-month-long airlift of supplies
06:42
that eventually led to Stalin lifting the blockade in 1948 and building the Berlin Wall,
06:48
which stood until 1991, when Kool Aid Guy–no, wait, wait, wait, wait, that wasn’t when
06:52
the Berlin Wall was built. That was in 1961. I just wanted to give Thought Bubble the opportunity
06:56
to make that joke. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So right, the Wall
06:59
wasn’t built until 1961, but 1949 did see Germany officially split into two nations,
07:03
and also the Soviets detonated their first atomic bomb, and NATO was established, AND
07:08
the Chinese Revolution ended in communist victory.
07:11
So, by the end of 1950, the contours of the Cold War had been established, West versus
07:15
East, Capitalist Freedom versus Communist totalitarianism.
07:19
At least from where I’m sitting. Although now apparently I’m going to change where
07:21
I’m sitting because it’s time for the Mystery Document. The rules here are simple.
07:27
I guess the author of the Mystery Document and about 55% of the time I get shocked by
07:31
the shock pen. “We must organize and enlist the energies
07:34
and resources of the free world in a positive program for peace which will frustrate the
07:38
Kremlin design for world domination by creating a situation in the free world to which the
07:43
Kremlin will be compelled to adjust. Without such a cooperative effort, led by the United
07:47
States, we will have to make gradual withdrawals under pressure until we discover one day that
07:52
we have sacrificed positions of vital interest. It is imperative that this trend be reversed
07:56
by a much more rapid and concerted build-up of the actual strength of both the United
08:01
States and the other nations of the free world.” I mean all I can say about it is that it sounds
08:05
American and, like, it was written in, like, 1951 and it seems kind of like a policy paper
08:10
or something really boring so I…I mean… Yeah, I’m just going to have to take the
08:18
shock. AH! National Security Council report NSC-68? Are
08:22
you kidding me, Stan? Not-not 64? Or 81? 68? This is ridiculous! I call injustice.
08:27
Anyway, as the apparently wildly famous NSC-68 shows, the U.S. government cast the Cold War
08:33
as a rather epic struggle between freedom and tyranny, and that led to remarkable political
08:38
consensus–both democrats and republicans supported most aspects of cold war policy,
08:42
especially the military build-up part. Now, of course, there were some critics, like
08:46
Walter Lippmann who worried that casting foreign policy in such stark ideological terms would
08:51
result in the U.S. getting on the wrong side of many conflicts, especially as former colonies
08:56
sought to remove the bonds of empire and become independent nations. But yeah, no, nothing
09:00
like that ever happened. Yeah, I mean, it’s not like that happened
09:02
in Iran or Nicaragua or Argentina or Brazil or Guatemala or Stan are you really going
09:08
to make me list all of them? Fine. Or Haiti or Paraguay or the Philippines or Chile or
09:13
Iraq or Indonesia or Zaire or, I’m sorry, THERE WERE A LOT OF THEM, OKAY?
09:16
But these interventions were viewed as necessary to prevent the spread of communism, which
09:20
was genuinely terrifying to people and it’s important to understand that.
09:24
Like, national security agencies pushed Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies like “The
09:28
Red Menace,” which scared people. And the CIA funded magazines, news broadcasts, concerts,
09:34
art exhibitions, that gave examples of American freedom. It even supported painters like Jackson
09:39
Pollack and the Museum of Modern Art in New York because American expressionism was the
09:43
vanguard of artistic freedom and the exact opposite of Soviet socialist realism.
09:48
I mean, have you seen Soviet paintings? Look at the hearty ankles on these socialist comrade
09:53
peasants. Also because the Soviets were atheists, at
09:55
least in theory, Congress in 1954 added the words “under God” to the pledge of allegiance
10:00
as a sign of America’s resistance to communism. The Cold War also shaped domestic policy–anti-communist
10:06
sentiment, for instance, prevented Truman from extending the social policies of the
10:09
New Deal. The program that he dubbed the Fair Deal would
10:12
have increased the minimum wage, extended national health insurance and increased public
10:17
housing, Social Security and aid to education. But the American Medical Association lobbied
10:21
against Truman’s plan for national health insurance by calling it “socialized” medicine,
10:26
and Congress was in no mood to pay money for socialized anything.
10:29
That problem goes away. But the government did make some domestic
10:33
investments as a result of the Cold War–in the name of national security the government
10:37
spent money on education, research in science, technology like computers, and transportation
10:42
infrastructure. In fact we largely have the Cold War to thank for our marvelous interstate
10:47
highway system, although part of the reason Congress approved it was to set up speedy
10:51
evacuation routes in the event of nuclear war.
10:53
And, speaking of nuclear war, it’s worth noting that a big part of the reason the Soviets
10:56
were able to develop nuclear weapons so quickly was thanks to espionage, like for instance
11:01
by physicist and spy Klaus Fuchs. I think I’m pronouncing that right.
11:05
Fuchs worked on the Manhattan Project and leaked information to the Soviets and then
11:08
later helped the Chinese to build their first bomb. Julius Rosenberg also gave atomic secrets
11:13
to the Soviets, and was eventually executed–as was his less-clearly-guilty wife, Ethel.
11:17
And it’s important to remember all that when thinking about the United States’s
11:21
obsessive fear that there were communists in our midst. This began in 1947 with Truman’s
11:26
Loyalty Review System, which required government employees to prove their patriotism when accused
11:31
of disloyalty. How do you prove your loyalty? Rat out your
11:33
co-workers as communists. No seriously though, that program never found any communists.
11:37
This all culminated of course with the Red Scare and the rise of Wisconsin senator Joseph
11:42
McCarthy, an inveterate liar who became enormously powerful after announcing in February 1950
11:47
that he had a list of 205 communists who worked in the state department
11:51
In fact, he had no such thing, and McCarthy never identified a single disloyal American,
11:56
but the fear of communism continued. In 1951’s Dennis v. United States, the Supreme Court
12:02
upheld the notion that being a communist leader itself was a crime.
12:06
In this climate of fear, any criticism of the government and its policies or the U.S.
12:11
in general was seen as disloyalty. There was only one question–when will I be blown up–and
12:17
it encouraged loyalty, because only the government could prevent the spread of communism and
12:21
keep us from being blown up. We’ve talked a lot about different ways
12:24
that Americans have imagined freedom this year, but this was a new definition of freedom–the
12:29
government exists in part to keep us free from massive destruction.
12:33
So, the Cold War changed America profoundly: The U.S. has remained a leader on the world
12:37
stage and continued to build a large, powerful, and expensive national state. But it also
12:42
changed the way we imagine what it means to be free, and what it means to be safe. Thanks
12:48
for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is created by all of these nice
12:52
people and it is possible because of you and your support through Subbable.com.
12:56
Subbable is a crowdfunding website that allows you to support the stuff you love on a monthly
13:00
basis. Our Subbable subscribers make this show possible.
13:03
Thanks to them. If you value Crash Course, please check out our Subbable. There are great
13:06
perks there. And thanks to all of you for watching. As we say in my hometown, don’t
13:10
forget to be awesome…Wait, wait, wait, Stan, is that music copyrighted?
13:16
All right! It’s not! Woo! That saved us a thousand dollars.
—
This post was previously published on YouTube.
—
Photo credit: Screenshot from video